# Analyzing Data from Multiple Files

We now have almost everything we need to process all our data files. The only thing that’s missing is a library with a rather unpleasant name:

import glob


The glob library contains a function, also called glob, that finds files and directories whose names match a pattern. We provide those patterns as strings: the character * matches zero or more characters, while ? matches any one character. We can use this to get the names of all the CSV files in the current directory:

print(glob.glob('inflammation*.csv'))

['inflammation-01.csv', 'inflammation-06.csv', 'inflammation-04.csv', 'inflammation-03.csv', 'inflammation-05.csv', 'inflammation-07.csv', 'inflammation-02.csv', 'inflammation-08.csv', 'inflammation-12.csv', 'inflammation-09.csv', 'inflammation-11.csv', 'inflammation-10.csv']



As these examples show, glob.glob’s result is a list of file and directory paths in arbitrary order. This means we can loop over it to do something with each filename in turn. In our case, the “something” we want to do is generate a set of plots for each file in our inflammation dataset. If we want to start by analyzing just the first three files in alphabetical order, we can use the sorted built-in function to generate a new sorted list from the glob.glob output:

%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

filenames = sorted(glob.glob('inflammation*.csv'))
filenames = filenames[0:3]
for f in filenames:
print(f)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10.0, 3.0))

axes1.set_ylabel('average')
axes1.plot(np.mean(data, axis=0))

axes2.set_ylabel('max')
axes2.plot(np.max(data, axis=0))

axes3.set_ylabel('min')
axes3.plot(np.min(data, axis=0))

fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()

inflammation-01.csv



inflammation-02.csv



inflammation-03.csv



Sure enough, the maxima of the first two data sets show exactly the same ramp as the first, and their minima show the same staircase structure; a different situation has been revealed in the third dataset, where the maxima are a bit less regular, but the minima are consistently zero.

## Challenge: Plotting Differences

Plot the difference between the average of the first dataset and the average of the second dataset, i.e., the difference between the leftmost plot of the first two figures.

## Solution

import glob
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

filenames = sorted(glob.glob('inflammation*.csv'))

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10.0, 3.0))

plt.ylabel('Difference in average')
plt.plot(data0.mean(axis=0) - data1.mean(axis=0))

fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()


## Challenge: Generate Composite Statistics

Use each of the files once to generate a dataset containing values averaged over all patients:

filenames = glob.glob('inflammation*.csv')
composite_data = numpy.zeros((60,40))
for f in filenames:
# sum each new file's data into composite_data as it's read
#
# and then divide the composite_data by number of samples
composite_data /= len(filenames)

  File "<ipython-input-6-82a1887129c2>", line 7
composite_data /= len(filenames)
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block



Then use pyplot to generate average, max, and min for all patients.

## Solution

import glob
import numpy
import matplotlib.pyplot

filenames = glob.glob('inflammation*.csv')
composite_data = np.zeros((60,40))

for f in filenames:
data = np.loadtxt(fname = f, delimiter=',')
composite_data += data

composite_data/=len(filenames)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10.0, 3.0))

axes1.set_ylabel('average')
axes1.plot(np.mean(composite_data, axis=0))

axes2.set_ylabel('max')
axes2.plot(np.max(composite_data, axis=0))

axes3.set_ylabel('min')
axes3.plot(np.min(composite_data, axis=0))

fig.tight_layout()

plt.show()


The material in this notebook is derived from the Software Carpentry lessons © Software Carpentry under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license.